Organised by Durgapur Women’s College
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https://durgapurwomenscollege.ac.in/seminars/
As we commemorate the sesquicentennial anniversary of Birsa Munda, this seminar seeks to explore his enduring legacy within the broader framework of decolonisation and indigenous knowledge systems. The event aims to foster interdisciplinary dialogue, connecting global and local indigenous perspectives to address historical injustices, promote cultural preservation, and advance pathways for sustainable development and social justice.
The seminar invites submissions on topics including but not limited to:
Select papers will be published with ISBN by widely known publishing house (to be announced later).
The concept of ‘indigeneity,’ as explored in anthropology, encapsulates the intricate relationship between a people and their locality, fundamentally distinguishing the autochthones, or native inhabitants, from those who arrived afterwards. This term has evolved over time from a simple marker of origin into an international category with profound moral and political implications. As Merlan (2009, 319) notes, indigeneity today represents communities that possess significant moral claims on nation-states and the global society, often as a result of historical injustices and systemic exclusion. Historically, the term derives from the French indigène and the Latin indigena, meaning ‘native,’ first gaining currency in the late sixteenth century. Initially, it served to differentiate European colonisers from the colonised peoples of Latin America, a dichotomy that laid the foundation for its later applications. However, the understanding of indigeneity as a construct rather than an intrinsic quality has reshaped its usage in anthropology. As Hall and Gay (1996, 4) observe, identity categories, including indigeneity, are neither static nor preordained; instead, they are forged through discursive practices and shaped by their opposition to the ‘Other.’ This perspective challenges the essentialist view of indigeneity, positing it as a product of historical contingency and relational difference. This evolution reflects the broader, interactive, and contingent nature of identity itself, which cannot be understood outside the frameworks of historical events and institutional paradigms governed by power dynamics. Nevertheless, people belonging to indigenous communities continue to be victims of essentialism: robbed off their cultural diversity they are deemed either as a token of the long-lost arcadia to be preserved like antiques or an impending threat to the projects of modernity.
The significance of the term indigeneity expanded considerably in the twentieth century, particularly with the forces of modernity, and then, the totalising frames of globalisation, exacerbating the marginalisation of indigenous communities. The 1970s marked a pivotal moment when the United Nations (UN) raised alarm over the manifold crises faced by indigenous peoples, particularly in the Americas. These crises stemmed from colonial legacies, economic exploitation, cultural erasure, and the disruptive impacts of modernity on indigenous ways of life. The global indigenous movement that emerged during this time became a platform for addressing these issues, focusing on the reclamation of rights, cultural preservation, and the reassertion of sovereignty. While significant strides have been made in the UN human rights mechanisms, global indigenous studies, often rooted in the UN-backed global(ist) indigenous movement, frequently fall short in comprehensively addressing the persistent and systemic human-rights abuses faced by indigenous peoples worldwide. The UN’s recognition of certain African communities as ‘indigenous,’ for instance, has led to considerable negative consequences. While it has opened doors for marginalised groups to access international aid and recognition, it has also created new divisions and inequalities. Some communities have benefited from this designation, while others have been excluded due to various factors, including their level of access to global forums. Moreover, this expansion has obscured the fundamental differences between African nation-states and settler colonies, potentially undermining the unique struggles and identities of indigenous peoples in these contexts (Hodgson 2009, 2; Igoe 2006, 403-404).These shortcomings are rooted in the lack of comprehensive frameworks that can prioritise indigenous voices, integrate lived experiences, and challenge structural inequalities while fostering global solidarities among indigenous communities. Violence and brutality, forced assimilation policies, marginalisation, land dispossession, forced relocation, denial of land rights, and the impacts of large-scale development projects continue to plague indigenous communities worldwide. For instance, in Brazil, the Yanomami people have faced violence and environmental degradation due to illegal mining activities, leading to severe health crises and loss of land (Marcelino and Boadle 2023). Similarly, in Canada, the discovery of unmarked graves at former residential schools highlights the legacy of forced assimilation policies, with over 1,300 graves identified since 2021 (Tasker 2022). In Australia, the ongoing destruction of sacred indigenous sites, such as the Juukan Gorge caves in 2020, underscores the inadequacies of protections for indigenous cultural heritage (Lannin 2021). These examples reflect a broader pattern of human rights violations and illustrate how global indigenous studies often fail to engage with the socio-political realities and historical injustices that underpin these abuses. By neglecting these issues, the ‘globalist’ international efforts risk perpetuating cycles of violence and dispossession instead of dismantling them.
In the Indian context, the term ‘indigeneity’ resonates strongly with adivasi communities—indigenous groups who have long faced historical and structural marginalisation. India’s adivasi communities represent a rich diversity of cultural, linguistic, and ecological practices, yet they have been systematically excluded from mainstream narratives of development and progress. During colonial rule, their lands were expropriated, traditional governance systems dismantled, and local economies disrupted. Thus they were transformed from “historic agents to colonial subjects” (Sen 2021a, 9). The advent of modernity further deepened these crises as extractive industries encroached upon adivasi territories, displacing communities and eroding their cultural and ecological foundations. Nevertheless, time and again, such communities have produced visionaries who resisted colonial and neocolonial onslaughts asserting their ‘indigenous rights’ to the ‘native’ resources.
Indigeneity, therefore, is not merely an identity but a lens through which to understand the historical, political, and cultural dynamics of exclusion and resistance. In India, adivasi communities exemplify this struggle, navigating the pressures of modernity and globalisation while striving to preserve their cultural heritage and assert their rights. Their experiences highlight the broader challenges and possibilities of global indigenous studies, offering insights into how indigeneity can serve as a framework for addressing justice, equity, and sustainability in a rapidly changing world. The decolonisation of global indigenous studies is imperative to challenge entrenched colonial frameworks that have historically marginalised indigenous voices and perspectives. The studies effectuated by the totalising, global epistemes often remain rooted in Eurocentric paradigms, privileging Western epistemologies while reducing other indigenous knowledge systems to peripheral or anecdotal elements. Decolonisation seeks to dismantle these structures by prioritising indigenous methodologies, narratives, and worldviews, fostering an inclusive academic discourse. Decolonisation is not merely about reversing historical injustices but about reimagining knowledge production through the lens of indigenous sovereignty and agency. Moreover, globalisation and modernity have exacerbated the erasure of indigenous cultures, languages, and traditions prioritising the anthropocene (Inoue and Moreira 2016). By integrating indigenous perspectives into academic and policy frameworks, decolonisation creates pathways for addressing these challenges while fostering cross-fertilising cultural solidarity and resilience foregrounding the symbiocene. Janajatiya communities hold extensive knowledge about biodiversity, sustainable agriculture, and ecological stewardship. Contrary to the anthropocene’s anthropocentric worldview, adivasi traditions emphasise interconnectedness with nature. This relational framework critiques exploitative human-nature dynamics, proposing a shift toward ethical and sustainable interactions with the environment. For instance, indigenous movements against mining and deforestation reflect this deep connection to the land, often invoking the sacredness of ecological systems as a basis for resistance. Decolonial methodologies advocate for integrating these systems into broader academic and policy frameworks, resisting the marginalisation of indigenous epistemologies. These practices may offer viable solutions to contemporary ecological challenges, including climate change and deforestation, while advancing sovereignty over traditional knowledge systems.
Linda Tuhiwai Smith’s ground-breaking work with Maori communities has been instrumental in shaping decolonial research methodologies, outlining strategies for decolonising research processes (Smith 1999). Bagele Chilisa’s exploration of Afrocentric principles like Ubuntu has significantly contributed to the advancement of decolonial research practices (Chilisa 2020; Chilisa et al. 2017). Margaret Kovach’s engagement with First Nations epistemologies in Canada (Kovach 2021) and Haunani-Kay Trask’s critical work on indigenous methodologies in Hawaii (Trask 1999) further enrich the decolonial research landscape. Seminal collections edited by Denzin et al. (2008) and Hokowhitu et al. (2022) offer diverse perspectives on decolonial approaches. Indian scholars such as Asoka Kumar Sen, through his ethnographic studies of adivasi rural life (Sen 2012; 2017; 2021), and G.N. Devy, with his pioneering work on indigenous knowledge systems and languages (Devy 1998), have also made vital contributions to decolonial research in the Indian context. While decolonial critiques of methodologies are pervasive across disciplines and regions, there is no singular, unified theoretical framework underlying these approaches (Denscombe 2024). However, recurring themes emerge, providing a cohesive foundation for identifying core principles of decolonial research. Furthermore, according to Nakata (2007), incorporating indigenous epistemologies into mainstream academia can provide alternative ways of understanding critical global issues such as climate change, sustainability, and governance. However, decolonisation also demands critical reflection on the power dynamics within academia, recognising the role of indigenous scholars and communities as active agents in knowledge production rather than mere subjects of study. This approach can transform indigenous studies into a collaborative, interdisciplinary field that advances both academic rigour and social justice (Battiste 2013) while circumventing the ignoble frameworks of contemporary (neo)colonial essentialism and globalism.
The legacy of Birsa Munda, who resisted colonial oppression and fought for the rights of the oppressed and disenfranchised, underscores the resilience and agency of India’s adivasi communities. Birsa’s leadership during the Ulgulan (Munda Rebellion) highlighted the intersections of cultural identity, ecological stewardship, and social justice. In contemporary times, these struggles persist as adivasi communities in India continue to assert their rights over land, resources, and cultural autonomy. Movements against deforestation, displacement, and the exploitation of natural resources reflect the enduring relevance of indigeneity in the Indian context. Birsa Munda, a visionary leader of indigenous resistance and an enduring symbol of indigenous empowerment, invites critical reflection on the decolonisation of global indigenous studies. The leadership of Birsa, a pivotal figure in Indian history, was more than a revolt against colonial exploitation—it was an assertion of cultural identity, social justice, and environmental stewardship (Shah 2010). His life represents a call to challenge the erasure of indigenous voices and to reclaim spaces of knowledge, tradition, and self-determination. As we commemorate the sesquicentennial anniversary of Birsa, the international seminar titled “Envisioning Janjatiya Gaurav: The Legacy of Birsa Munda and the Decolonisation of ‘Global’ Indigenous Studies” aims to explore his enduring relevance within the broader framework of decolonisation and indigenous knowledge systems. Indigenous communities worldwide face similar struggles: the loss of languages, cultural homogenisation, exploitation of natural resources, and the marginalisation of their knowledge systems. By examining the contributions of Birsa Munda along with other leaders of indigenous movements in India and abroad, and involving scholars, academicians and janjatiya communities, this seminar will foster interdisciplinary engagement across social sciences, literature, and language studies to reimagine development paradigms, knowledge production, and cultural preservation in an aim to produce research-led actionable policy suggestions and solutions effectuating adivasi welfare and development. The event seeks to position indigenous perspectives as central to national and global academic and policy frameworks, creating pathways for decolonised futures. Thus, the seminar will highlight the richness of indigenous traditions—embedded in oral histories, linguistic diversity, and community-driven ecological practices—while challenging dominant narratives that have historically marginalised these voices.
References
Battiste, Marie. 2013. Decolonizing Education: Nourishing the Learning Spirit. Saskatoon: Purich Publishing.
Chilisa, Bagele. 2020. Indigenous Research Methodologies. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chilisa, Bagele, Taolo E. Major, and Karabo Khudu-Petersen. 2017. “Community Engagement with a Postcolonial, African-Based Relational Paradigm.” Qualitative Research 17 (3): 326–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794117696176.
Denscombe, Martyn. 2024. “Decolonial Research Methodology: An Assessment of the Challenge to Established Practice.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology, May, 1–10. doi:10.1080/13645579.2024.2357558
Denzin, Norman K., Yvonna S. Lincoln, and Linda Tuhiwai Smith, eds. 2008. Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hall, Stuart, and Paul du Gay, eds. 1996. Questions of Cultural Identity. California: SAGE Publications.
Hodgson, Dorothy L. 2009. “Becoming Indigenous in Africa,” African Studies Review, 52 (3): 1–32.
Hokowhitu, Brendan, Aileen Moreton-Robinson, Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Chris Andersen, and Steven Larkin, eds. 2022. Routledge Handbook of Critical Indigenous Studies. London: Routledge.
Igoe, Jim. 2006. “Becoming Indigenous Peoples: Difference, Inequality, and the Globalization of East African Identity Politics,” African Affairs, 105 (420): 399–420.
Inoue, Cristina Yumie Aoki, and Paula Franco Moreira. 2016. “Many Worlds, Many Nature(s), One Planet: Indigenous Knowledge in the Anthropocene.” Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 59 (2): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329201600209.
Kovach, Margaret. 2021. Indigenous Methodologies: Characteristics, Conversations, and Contexts. 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Lannin, Sue. 2021. “Rio Tinto’s Destruction of Juukan Gorge a Wake-Up Call for Protection of Indigenous Sites Globally.” ABC News. January 27, 2021.
Marcelino, Ueslei, and Anthony Boadle. 2024. “Illegal Mining Brings Misery to Brazil’s Yanomami People.” Reuters. Januray 18, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/brazil-environment-yanomami/ .
Merlan, Francesca. 2009. “Global and Local: Global and Local.” Current Anthropology 50 (3): 303–33.
Nakata, Martin. 2007. Disciplining the Savages, Savaging the Disciplines. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.
Sen, Asoka Kumar. 2012. From Village Elder to British Judge: Custom, Customary Law and Tribal Society. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.
Sen, Asoka Kumar. 2017. Indigeneity, Landscape and History Adivasi Self-fashioning in India. New York: Routledge.
Sen, Asoka Kumar. 2021. The Making of a Village: The Dynamics of Adivasi Rural Life in India. New York: Routledge.
Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. 1999. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. 2nd ed. London: Zed Books.
Shah, Bhagirath Lal. 2010. Birsa Munda and His Movement: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur. New Delhi: Seagull Books.
Tasker, John Paul. 2022. “More Unmarked Graves Discovered at Former Residential Schools Across Canada.” CBC News. January 20, 2022. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/residential-school-survivors-more-money-graves-1.7338077 .
Trask, Haunani-Kay. 1999. From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaiʻi. Rev. ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Themes and Sub-Themes
This seminar explores an interdisciplinary range of themes and sub-themes designed to promote nuanced and comprehensive discussions around Birsa Munda’s legacy and its global relevance.
Seminar Format
The seminar will adopt an inclusive, participatory, and interdisciplinary approach to foster critical engagement. Key components include:
Key Research Questions
The seminar will address a range of critical questions, including:
Expected Discussions and Insights
This seminar aims to generate in-depth discussions that will:
Conclusion
Birsa Munda’s enduring legacy as a symbol of resistance, cultural pride, and ecological stewardship serves as a vital framework for reimagining indigenous studies. His life offers profound lessons on the intersections of identity, governance, and sustainability, underscoring the importance of community-driven approaches to contemporary global challenges. Through this seminar, we aim to honour his contributions while fostering an interdisciplinary dialogue that bridges the social sciences, language studies, and literature. By centring adivasi voices and perspectives, this event aspires to catalyse innovative research, actionable insights, and meaningful collaborations that contribute to a more equitable and sustainable future. Scheduled for 26-27 March 2025, the seminar is a step toward ensuring that the rich traditions, knowledge systems, and visions of indigenous communities continue to shape academic, cultural, and policy discourses on a global scale. Thus, The event seeks to foreground indigenous perspectives as central to both global and national academic and policy frameworks, establishing transformative pathways towards decolonised futures. This endeavour envisions a progressive plantarity where indigenous knowledge systems and traditions are seamlessly integrated into the world’s developmental paradigms and intellectual discourses fostering a future that is both equitable and sustainable.
For expression of interest to attend/present a paper, submissions, and inquiries, please email: indigeneity2025@gmail.com
Details will be shared soon via this page.
Dr. Amitayu Chakraborty, Assistant Professor of English, Durgapur Women’s College
https://durgapurwomenscollege.ac.in/amitayu-chakraborty/
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3999-448X
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